Major rice production constraints in South Asia | Weighted average yield loss % | Relevant articles | Congruency ratios | |
---|---|---|---|---|
No. | % | |||
Socio economic | 22.2 | 73 | 7.8 | 0.35 |
Difficult access to sufficient irrigation water | 4.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Unavailability of quality seed | 3.8 | 15 | 1.6 | 0.42 |
High cost of irrigation | 3.4 | 20 | 2.1 | 0.63 |
Nitrogen fertilizer expensive/in short supply | 3.3 | 16 | 1.7 | 0.52 |
Inadequate farmer knowledge/training | 2.8 | 15 | 1.6 | 0.56 |
Insufficient access to agricultural information | 2.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
High price of inputs other than nitrogen | 2.1 | 10 | 1.1 | 0.50 |
Abiotic | 21.9 | 421 | 45.0 | 2.05 |
Drought or intermittent water stress | 6.9 | 66 | 7.1 | 1.03 |
Soil fertility depletion | 5.7 | 74 | 7.9 | 1.38 |
Nitrogen deficiency | 3.1 | 212 | 22.6 | 7.19 |
Flooding of low lying fields | 1.5 | 28 | 3.0 | 2.02 |
Deficiency or toxicity of micronutrients | 1.3 | 11 | 1.2 | 0.90 |
Phosphorus unavailability | 1.1 | 32 | 3.4 | 2.98 |
Cyclone/typhoon damage | 0.5 | 5 | 0.5 | 1.06 |
Soil physical/structural degradation | 0.5 | 27 | 2.9 | 5.76 |
High temperature stress | 0.4 | 20 | 2.1 | 6.07 |
Potassium deficiency | 0.4 | 10 | 1.1 | 3.03 |
Low temperature (cold) stress | 0.1 | 8 | 0.9 | 11.58 |
Biotic | 18.2 | 200 | 21.4 | 1.18 |
Weed competition | 6.6 | 85 | 9.1 | 1.38 |
Leaf and stem pests | 4.5 | 33 | 3.5 | 0.78 |
Leaf, stem, and panicle diseases | 3.4 | 75 | 8.0 | 2.35 |
Rodent damage | 1.8 | 6 | 0.6 | 0.35 |
Storage pests | 1.0 | 1 | 0.1 | 0.11 |
Root and soil diseases | 0.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Soil insects | 0.5 | 2 | 0.2 | 0.44 |
Management-related | 21.5 | 244 | 26.1 | 1.21 |
Inadequate water management | 6.0 | 119 | 12.7 | 2.12 |
Inappropriate/poor nutrient/fertilizer use | 4.1 | 75 | 8.0 | 1.93 |
Late planting of crop | 2.7 | 20 | 2.1 | 0.80 |
Use of low yielding or old variety | 2.6 | 10 | 1.1 | 0.41 |
Poor crop rotations and sequences | 1.7 | 10 | 1.1 | 0.62 |
Inappropriate/poor insect/disease management | 1.6 | 14 | 1.5 | 0.92 |
Field crop establishment difficulties | 1.2 | 2 | 0.2 | 0.18 |
Inappropriate/poor weed management | 1.1 | 29 | 3.1 | 2.78 |
Poor seedling nursery management | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 83.8 | 777 | 83.8 |