Rice production constraints in South Asia | Yield losses (weighted average) | Degree centrality (ranking in brackets) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1997–2014 | 1997–2007 | 2008–2014 | ||
Socio economic | 22.2 | |||
Difficult access to sufficient irrigation water | 4.5 | - | - | - |
Unavailability of quality seed | 3.8 | 6 (15th) | 3 (14th) | 5 (13th) |
High cost of irrigation | 3.4 | 8 (9th) | 3 (14th) | 8 (8th) |
Nitrogen fertilizer expensive/in short supply | 3.3 | 11 (6th) | 7 (6th) | 8 (8th) |
Inadequate farmer knowledge/training | 2.8 | 8 (9th) | 1 (22nd) | 8 (8th) |
Insufficient access to agricultural information | 2.6 | - | - | - |
High price of inputs other than N | 2.1 | - | - | - |
Abiotic | 21.9 | |||
Drought or intermittent water stress | 6.9 | 7 (13th) | 3 (14th) | 6 (11th) |
Soil fertility depletion | 5.7 | 12 (4th) | 7 (6th) | 10 (3rd) |
Nitrogen deficiency | 3.1 | 18 (2nd) | 17 (1st) | 16 (1st) |
Flooding of low lying fields | 1.5 | 7 (13th) | 4 (9th) | 6 (11th) |
Deficiency or toxicity of micronutrients | 1.3 | 5 (17th) | 4 (9th) | 1 (25th) |
Phosphorus unavailability | 1.1 | 9 (7th) | 5 (8th) | 9 (6th) |
Cyclone/typhoon damage | 0.5 | 3 (23rd) | - | 3 (17th) |
Soil physical/structural degradation | 0.5 | 5 (17th) | 3 (14th) | 3 (17th) |
High temperature stress | 0.4 | 8 (9th) | 4 (9th) | 5 (13th) |
Potassium deficiency | 0.4 | 8 (9th) | 8 (4th) | 4 (16th) |
Low temperature (cold) stress | 0.1 | 3 (23rd) | - | 3 (17th) |
Biotic | 18.2 | |||
Weed competition | 6.6 | 12 (4th) | 8 (4th) | 10 (3rd) |
Leaf and stem pests | 4.5 | 3 (23rd) | 2 (19th) | 2 (23rd) |
Leaf, stem, and panicle diseases | 3.4 | 4 (19th) | 4 (9th) | 3 (25th) |
Rodent damage | 1.8 | 2 (24th) | - | 2 (23rd) |
Storage pests | 1.0 | - | - | - |
Root and soil diseases | 0.9 | - | - | - |
Soil insects | 0.5 | 2 (24th) | - | 2 (23rd) |
Management-related | 21.5 | |||
Inadequate water management | 6.0 | 19 (1st) | 16 (2nd) | 15 (2nd) |
Inappropriate/poor nutrient/fertilizer use | 4.1 | 13 (3rd) | 12 (3rd) | 10 (3rd) |
Late planting of crop | 2.7 | 4 (19th) | 3 (14th) | 3 (17th) |
Use of low yielding or old variety | 2.6 | 4 (19th) | 1 (22nd) | 3 (17th) |
Poor crop rotations and sequences | 1.7 | 2 (24th) | 2 (19th) | 1 (25th) |
Inappropriate/poor insect/disease management | 1.6 | 6 (15th) | 2 (19th) | 5 (13th) |
Field crop establishment difficulties | 1.2 | 4 (19th) | 1 (22nd) | 3 (17th) |
Inappropriate/poor weed management | 1.1 | 9 (7th) | 4 (9th) | 9 (6th) |
Poor seedling nursery management | 0.4 | - | - | - |