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Table 1 Household characteristics in the study areas

From: Exploring gender perceptions of resource ownership and their implications for food security among rural livestock owners in Tanzania, Ethiopia, and Nicaragua

Household characteristics

Country

Tanzania

Ethiopia

Nicaragua

District

Kongwa

Mvomero

Lushoto

Yabello

Atsbi

Boaco

Matagalpa

Population characteristics

Males

154,843

149,221

30,236

487,000

53,659

19,057

23,381

Females

157,266

160,752

262,205

475,400

58,682

20,035

23,036

Total population

309,109

312,109

492,441

962,400

112,341

39,092

46,417

Total Ag HH

50,735

58,314

94,075

174,474

26,425

7,058

8,828

Average HH size

5

4

4.7

7

5

5.5

5.2

% female-headed HH

29

19

26

28

15–30

44

23

Average HH income (USD)

Average HH income

320

1,095

1,018

400

487

N/A

N/A

Male-headed HH

386

1,253

1,097

428

615

N/A

N/A

Female-headed HH

153

463

580

272

358

N/A

N/A

Agro-ecology

Semi-arid climate with great variability in rainfall

Semi-arid climate/comprised of three agro-ecological zones

Montane climate with a bimodal rainfall pattern (800–2,000 mm per annum)

Drought-prone semi-arid pastoral rangeland. Highly variable spatial and temporal features. Bimodal rainfall ranging between 300 and 900 mm per annum

Mild temperatures. Variable topography—mountains alternating with wide plains. Highly eroded slopes. Intense rainfall of short duration (annual average 668 mm)

Irregular mountainous topography. Diverse climate including grasslands and tropical forest

Extensive forests with high annual rainfall (1,200–1,900 mm per annum)

Ag production system

Rain-fed subsistence farming, mixed crop /livestock, agro-pastoralism

Rain-fed subsistence farming, mixed crop/livestock, agro-pastoralism

Mixed crop/livestock, rain-fed agriculture and irrigation agriculture, agro-pastoralism

Mostly livestock production, with some crop farming

Rain-fed agriculture with minimal irrigation. Predominantly crop production with modest livestock holdings

Mixed crop/livestock. Cattle production predominantly based on permanent grazing of naturalized grasslands. Rainfall and irrigation agriculture

Mixed crop/livestock. Cattle production predominantly based on permanent grazing of naturalized grasslands. Rainfall and irrigation agriculture

Villages/communities in the study

1. Masinyeti 2. Ihanda

1. Wami Luhindo 2. Wami Dakawa 3. Wami Sokoine 4. Mayinga

1. Lwandai 2. Viti Lushoto

Elwoye

1. Golgol Neale 2. Habes 3. Gebrekidan

Camoapa

Matiguás