Table 3 Number (and  %) of smallholder farmers who have implemented adaptation measures in response to climate change

n (farmers who took an action to cope with changes in temperature and/or precipitation)

63

115

62

9

19

268

42

27

58

36

168

Agroforestry and restoration

Plant trees

16 (25.4)

73 (63.5)

26 (41.9)

3 (33.3)

11 (57.9)

129 (48.1)

11 (26.2)

7 (25.9)

25 (43.1)

11 (30.6)

56 (33.1)

Restore degraded areas

1 (1.6)

1 (0.9)

1 (1.6)

2 (10.5)

5 (1.9)

7 (12.1)

3 (8.3)

11 (6.4)

Stop cultivating certain areas

2 (3.2)

1 (1.6)

3 (1.1)

2 (4.8)

4 (6.9)

3 (8.3)

9 (5.2)

Agroecological practices

Introduce soil management and conservation practices

6 (9.5)

20 (17.4)

13 (21)

2 (10.5)

41 (15.3)

7 (16.7)

12 (20.7)

4 (11.1)

22 (13.4)

Introduce water management and conservation practices

4 (6.3)

6 (5.2)

2 (3.2)

1 (5.3)

13 (4.8)

2 (4.8)

3 (5.2)

8 (4.7)

Reduce use of pesticides, herbicides, fungicides

9 (14.3)

14 (12.2)

2 (3.2)

1 (11.1)

1 (5.3)

27 (10.1)

3 (7.1)

1 (3.7)

2 (3.5)

6 (3.5)

Reduce fertilizer use

3 (4.8)

5 (4.3)

1 (1.6)

9 (3.4)

1 (2.4)

1 (1.7)

2 (1.2)

Intensification

Increase fertilizer

10 (15.9)

17 (14.8)

11 (17.7)

2 (10.5)

40 (14.9)

7 (16.7)

1 (3.7)

2 (3.5)

7 (19.4)

17 (9.9)

Increased use of pesticides, herbicides, fungicides

10 (15.9)

32 (27.8)

4 (6.5)

46 (17.2)

4 (9.5)

1 (1.7)

3 (8.3)

9 (5.2)

Cut trees

1 (1.6)

1 (0.9)

6 (9.7)

8 (3)

1 (2.4)

1 (0.6)

Increase the number of animals

2 (3.5)

2 (1.2)

New crops and technologies

Change agricultural calendar

1 (1.6)

9 (7.8)

3 (4.8)

1 (11.1)

1 (5.3)

15 5.6)

5 (11.9)

3 (11.1)

7 (12.1)

12 (33.3)

26 (15.7)

Introduce new crops

3 (4.8)

1 (0.9)

7 (11.3)

2 (22.2)

3 (15.8)

16 (6)

3 (7.1)

3 (11.1)

4 (6.9)

2 (5.6)

12 (7)

Diversify production

2 (3.2)

1 (0.9)

1 (1.6)

4 (1.5)

1 (2.8)

1 (0.6)

Crop irrigation

6 (9.5)

1 (0.9)

2 (3.2)

1 (5.3)

10 (3.7)

2 (4.8)

1 (3.7)

1 (2.8)

5 (2.9)

Change variety

1 (1.6)

1 (0.9)

1 (1.6)

1 (5.3)

4 (1.5)

1 (2.4)

3 (5.2)

2 (5.6)

6 (3.5)

Change general management practices

17 (27)

28 (24.4)

15 (24.2)

4 (44.4)

4 (21.1)

68 (25.4)

11 (26.2)

10 (37)

11 (19)

7 (19.4)

41 (24.4)

Other

10 (15.9)

7 (6.1)

14 (22.6)

3 (33.3)

34 (12.7)

10 (23.8)

7 (25.9)

6 (10.3)

22 (13.4)

Mean number (± SE) of specific changes in farming practices made by farmers to cope with changes in temperature and/or precipitation

1.62 ± 0.11

a

1.89 ± 0.10

a

1.77 ± 0.13

a

-

1.53 ± 0.18

A

1.73 ± 0.13

1.67 ± 0.13

a

1.22 ± 0.08

b

1.55 ± 0.11

ab

1.56 ± 0.16

ab

1.50 ± 0.12