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Table 2 Variables used in the ESR model and summary statistics

From: The impact of climate smart agriculture on household welfare in smallholder integrated crop–livestock farming systems: evidence from Zimbabwe

Variable

Non-adopter

Adopter

Whole sample

Test Statistic t/Chi-square value

Mean

Std. Dev.

Mean

Std. Dev.

Mean

Std. Dev.

HH food security (DDS)

6.46

2.3

6.67

1.42

6.66

1.48

− 0.65

Annual HH income (US$)

428.23

418.62

865.96

1618.31

841.01

1577.71

1.62

HH education (years)

8.77

4.19

8.25

3.73

8.28

3.75

0.63

HH age (years)

48.45

15.94

49.95

16.49

49.86

16.44

− 0.41

HH farm experience (years)

16.23

14.06

19.06

13.79

18.9

13.8

− 0.94

Household size (number)

4.5

1.97

4.96

2.48

4.93

2.45

− 0.85

HH labour size (number)

3.27

1.52

3.53

2.18

3.51

2.14

− 0.54

Arable land size (acres)

2.4

1.94

3.1

2.22

3.06

2.21

− 1.45

Soil fertility (1 = fertile 0 = otherwise)

0.05

0.21

0.15

0.36

0.14

0.35

1.80

Maize area (acres)

0.99

0.47

1.36

1.04

1.35

1.02

3.34a

TLU (number)

0.85

1.95

2.32

3.61

2.24

3.55

− 1.89a

Draft livestock (number)

0.18

0.59

0.46

0.99

0.44

0.97

− 1.28

Distance output market (Km)

31.15

27.9

43.96

62.61

43.23

61.22

− 0.95

Distance input market (Km)

13.22

13.64

14.07

23.47

14.02

23.01

− 0.17

Traders buying locally (number)

3.23

4.10

4.23

6.76

4.17

6.63

− 0.69

Group membership (1 = yes)

0.41

0.50

0.49

0.50

0.48

0.50

0.53

Extension Contact (number)

5.27

4.23

6.43

6

6.36

5.92

− 0.89

Distance to extension (Km)

39.56

121.27

18.78

87.65

19.97

89.83

1.05

Access to weather forecast (1 = yes 0 = no)

0.41

0.5

0.66

0.47

0.65

0.48

5.67b

Awareness CSA (1 = yes 0 = no)

0.64

0.49

0.63

0.48

0.63

0.48

0.00

Owns communication asset (1 = yes 0 = no)

0.82

0.39

0.93

0.26

0.92

0.27

3.53a

Owns transport asset (1 = yes 0 = no)

0.55

0.51

0.41

0.49

0.42

0.49

− 1.45

Owns tillage asset (1 = yes 0 = no)

0.32

0.48

0.37

0.48

0.37

0.48

0.25

Asset index

7.36

3.82

7.92

3.57

7.89

3.58

− 0.71

Credit access (1 = yes 0 = no)

0.18

0.39

0.19

0.39

0.19

0.39

0.01

Crop income US$

114.77

33.32

328.11

62.98

114.77

156.32

− 0.83

Livestock income US$

50.46

31.50

138.02

19.71

50.45

147.73

− 1.09

Off-farm income US$

263

361.52

399.83

726.99

392.03

711.65

− 0.88

Access to safe water (1 = yes 0 = no)

0.59

0.5

0.86

0.35

0.84

0.37

11.05c

Access to sanitation (1 = yes 0 = no)

0.73

0.46

0.90

0.31

0.89

0.32

5.82b

  1. HH means Household Head
  2. a, b, cA significance level of 10%, 5%, and 1%, respectively
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Agriculture & Food Security

ISSN: 2048-7010